Old Currencies from Indonesia

Hy friend, here i want to share about currencies from Indonesia.
the following are some old currency as iam concerned:

1 Sen

1 Sen -1964

 

 

 

 

 

1koin

50 Sen lengkap

10

Rp 75

History of Banking

The history of the bank started a long way back. In early civizations, a temple was considered the safest refuge. It was a solid building, constantly attended, and filled with sacred characters which  might scare off thieves. In Babylob, in the 18th BC, there were records of loans made by the priests of the temple. The concept of banks had arrived.
The progress of banking activities was then abvious in Greece and Rome. In Greece,private entrepeneurs and temples undertook financial transactions.Deposits  and loans  were made, money was changed from one currency to another and coins were tested for weight  and purity. The people in Rome adopted the banking practices of Greece. By the 2th century AD, a debt could be officially paid off by depositing an appropriate sum into a bank, and public notaries were appointed to register such transaction.
The collapse of trade after the Roman Empire made banker less necessary than before. It got worse because the Christian church dissaproved of the charging of interest. The Christian probhibition on interst eventually provided an opportunity for bankers of another religion. The Jews, barred from most other forms of employment, supplied this need.

 During the 13th century, bankers from North Italy, collectively known as the Lombards, gradually replaced the Jews in their role as money-lenders to the rich and powerful. The business skills of the Italian were enhanced by their knowledge of double-entry book- keeping. Their creative accountancy allowed them to avoid the Christian sin of lending money at interest. The interest on a loan was presented in the accounts either as a voluntary gift from the borrower or as a reward for the risk taken.
By the early 14th century, two families florence, Italy, the Bardirs and the Peruzzis, had grown very wealthy by offering financial services. They arranged for the collection and transfer of money. They facilitated trade by providing merchants with bills of exchange, which was money paid in by a debtor in a town which could be paid out to a creditor in another town by presenting the bill ( a principle familiar now in the form of a cheque). In 1587 the Banco della Piazza di Rialto was opened in Venice as a state initiative. Its purpose was to carry out the important function of holding a merchant's funds on a safe deposit and to enable financial transaction in Venice and elsewhere to be madewithout the physical transfer of coins.

Someone like you- Adele

I heard that you’re settled down
That you found a girl and you’re married now
I heard that your dreams came true
Guess she gave you things I didn’t give to you

Old friend, why are you so shy?
It ain’t like you to hold back or hide from the lie

I hate to turn up out of the blue uninvited
But I couldn’t stay away, I couldn’t fight it
I hoped you’d see my face & that you’d be reminded
That for me, it isn’t over

Nevermind, I’ll find someone like you
I wish nothing but the best for you too
Don’t forget me, I beg, I remember you said
"Sometimes it lasts in love but sometimes it hurts instead"
Sometimes it lasts in love but sometimes it hurts instead, yeah

You’d know how the time flies
Only yesterday was the time of our lives
We were born and raised in a summery haze
Bound by the surprise of our glory days

I hate to turn up out of the blue uninvited
But I couldn’t stay away, I couldn’t fight it
lyricsalls.blogspot.com
I hoped you’d see my face & that you’d be reminded
That for me, it isn’t over yet

Nevermind, I’ll find someone like you
I wish nothing but the best for you too
Don’t forget me, I beg, I remember you said
"Sometimes it lasts in love but sometimes it hurts instead", yay

Nothing compares, no worries or cares
Regret’s and mistakes they’re memories made
Who would have known how bittersweet this would taste?

Nevermind, I’ll find someone like you
I wish nothing but the best for you too
Don’t forget me, I beg, I remembered you said
"Sometimes it lasts in love but sometimes it hurts instead"

Nevermind, I’ll find someone like you
I wish nothing but the best for you too
Don’t forget me, I beg, I remembered you said
"Sometimes it lasts in love but sometimes it hurts instead"
Sometimes it lasts in love but sometimes it hurts instead, yeah

Subject,Verb.Complements and modifier in paragraph

it was monday morning, the day my cousin always held a flag hoisting ceremony, in He's junior high school. because of the ceremony, there was no way  they that could be late. waking up a bit later than usual, he rushed through he morning  routine and took  an ojek  to school. Unfortunately, he arrived still late for the ceremony. Feeling panicky, he's jumped off the ojek and ran to join the ceremony without paying the ojek fare. He thought he would  pay the driver later because his knew him.

to him surprise,the ojek driver went into the schoolyard and talked to the principal. Next, the principal, using the microphone, announced. "To the student who hasn't paid his ojek,please come forward and pay!"

so he have to leave the rows and pay the ojek right away. he could feel everybody giggling and laughing. he was so embarrased.

Normal Sentence Pattern in English : Subject + verb + complement + modifier

a.         Subject (person or thing/does the action active)

·         Single Noun Tunggal

·         Noun Phrase Sekumpulan kata diakhiri dengan Noun, tidak berawalan dengan preposisi.

Example :

1.      Coffee is delicious

2.      The book is on the table. 

3.      That new red car is John’s. 

4.      We girls are not going to the movie.

5.      George likes boats.

6.      Mary, John, George and I went to a restaurant last night.

7.      The weather was very bad yesterday.

8.      The chemistry professor cancelled class today.

9.      The bank close at two o’clock.

b.      Verb (shows the action of the sentence)

1.      Single Word

2.      Verb Phrase consist one or more auxiliaries and one main verb (auxiliaries precede the main verb).

Example :

1.      John drives too fast.

2.      John is going to Miami tomorrow.

3.      Jane has been reading that book.

4.      She will go to Boston next week.

5.      Jane is very tall.

6.      She must have gone to the bank.

c. Complement : 
• Complete the verb
• Usually noun or noun phrase
• Can not begin as a preposition
• A complement answers the question what or whom (but, not every sentence requires a complement)

Example :

1.      John bought a cake yesterday (what did John buy?)

2.      Jill was driving a new car (what was Jill driving?)

3.      He wants to drink some water (what does he want to drink?)

4.      She saw John at the movies last night (whom did she see at the movies?)

5.      They called Marry yesterday (whom did they called?) 

d.      Modifier : tells the time (usually comes last), place, manner of the action, adverb. It is a prepositional phrase (group of words begins with a preposition and ends with a noun).

Example :

1.      in the morning hurriedly 

2.      at the university next year

3.      on the table outdoors

4.      last night yesterday

Modifier answer the questions when, where, or how.
Example :

5.      John bought a book at the book store. (where did John buy a book?)

Modifier of place 

6.      Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday. (where was Jill…/when was Jill…) 

Modified place time

7.      He was driving very fast. (how was he driving?)

Catatan : modifier letaknya setelah complement.
Example :

She drove on the street the car (salah).
She drove the car on the street (benar)
Compl modifier 

EXERCISE :

1.      Jill / is buying / a new hat / in the store. 
Subject/verb phrase/complement/modifier of place

2.      tety / is shopping / down town.
Subject/verb phrase/modifier of place

3.      George / is cooking / dinner / tonight
subject / verb phrase/ complement / modifier of time

4.      Henry and Marcia / have visited / the president
subject / verb phrase / complement

5.      We/ eat / lunch /in this restaurant/ today
subject/ verb phrase / complement/ modifier of place/ modifier of time

6.      Pat/ should have bought/ gasoline /yesterday
subject/ verb phrase/ complement/ modifier of time

7.      Trees/ grow
subject/ verb phrase

8.      It/ was raining /at seven o’clock this morning
subject/ verb phrase / modifier of time

9.      She/ opened/ her book
subject/ verb phrase/ complement

10.  Harry/ is washing / dishes /right now
subject/ verb phrase/ complement/ modifier of time

11.  She / opened /her book
subject/ verb phrase/ complement

12.  Paul, William, and Mary/ were watching / television/ a few minutes ago
subject/ verb phrase/ complement/ modifier of time

Abstrak

Perilaku Antar Organisasi dan Biaya Transaksi pada Saluran Pemasaran

Minyak Kelapa Sawit PTP di Sumatera Utara

Minyak kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu komoditas strategis yang terus menerus-dikembangkan dengan

berbagai cara dan diarahkan untuk menjadi salah satu primadona ekspor non migas. Perkembangan

komoditas ini dari tahun ke tahun kelihatan cukup pesat, baik dilihat dari areal tanamannya, jumlah

produksinya maupun jumlah dan nilai devisa yang dihasilkan dari ekspornya. PTP merupakan salah satu

perusahaan milik negara yang menghasilkan komoditas minyak kelapa sawit yang perannya secara nasional

cukup besar, di samping swasta dan perkebunan rakyat.

Peningkatan peran minyak kelapa sawit dalam perekonomian nasional tidak terlepas dari peran pemasaran.

'Pemasaran minyak kelapa sawit, sebagaimana komoditas lainnya yang dihasilkan oleh PTP, dilaksanakan

secara terpusat melalui KPB. Dengan demikian terbentuk saluran pemasaran minyak kelapa sawit : dari

PTP, ke KPB, baru kemudian ke perantara lainnya, atau langsung ke pemakainya. Pada suatu saluran

pemasaran, terdapat berbagai aspek yang dapat menentukan berdaya guna atau tidaknya suatu saluran, salah

satu aspek tersebut adalah aspek perilaku antar organisasi. Aspek perilaku antar organisasi tersebut meliputi

penggunaan kekuasaan, (baik dalam bentuk kekuasaan paksaan maupun dalam bentuk kekuasaan non

paksaan yang berupa kekuasaan legitimasi, kekuasaan referensi, kekuasaan keahlian kekuasaan ganjaran

maupun kekuasaan informasi), terjadinya konflik, maupun dicapainya kerjasama antar organisasi. Perilaku--

perilaku tersebut pada gilirannya akan mempengaruhi sulit tidaknya saluran dikelola. Kesulitan pengelolaan

saluran tersebut dinamakan dengan biaya transaksi.

Penelitian ini merupakan kajian atas aspek perilaku antar organisasi dan biaya transaksi yang terdapat pada

saluran pemasaran minyak kelapa sawit yang dihasilkan oleh PTP. Secara khusus penelitian ini menyoroti

hubungan antara berbagai aspek perilaku antar organisasi, yakni hubungan antara kekuasaan paksaan,

kekuasaan non paksaan, konflik dan kerjasama yang ada dalam hubungan antara PTP dengan KPB

khususnya dalam kegiatan pemasaran minyak kelapa sawit, serta hubungan perilaku-perilaku tersebut

dengan biaya transaksi, yang dirumusk.an sebagai kesulitan-kesulitan yang dihadapi dalam mengelola

transaksi penjualan minyak kelapa sawit, Kajian tersebut didasari oleh pertanyaan penelitian, adakah

hubungan antara kekuasaan paksaan dengan terjadinya konflik, kekuasaan non paksaan dengan dicapainya

kerjasama, serta antara perilaku antar organisasi tersebut dengan biaya transaksi.

Sumber : Deskripsi Dokumen: http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=81571

                                

Dinar Emas

Dinar emas berdasarkan Hukum Syari’ah Islam adalah koin emas yang memiliki kadar 22 karat emas (917) dengan berat 4,25 gram, sedangkanDirham perak Islam memiliki kadar perak murni dengan berat 3 gram,atau lebih tepatnya 2,975 gram.

Khalifah Umar ibn Khattab menentukan standar antar keduanya berdasarkan beratnya masing-masing: "7 dinar harus setara dengan 10 dirham."

Wahyu menyatakan mengenai Dinar Dirham dan banyak sekali hukum hukum yang terkait dengannya seperti zakat, pernikahan, hudud dan lain sebagainya. Sehingga dalam Wahyu Dinar Dirham memiliki tingkat realita dan ukuran tertentu sebagai standar pernghitungan (untuk Zakat dan lain sebagainya) dimana sebuah keputusan dapat diukurkan kepadanya dibandingkan dengan alat tukar lainnya.

Ibnu Khaldun dalam al-Muqaddimah menyebutkan bahwa terdapat ijma sejak awal Islam dan masa para Sahabat dan Tabi'in bahwa sepuluh dirham syariah sepadan dengan tujuh mitsqal (berat dinar) emas. Berat satu mitsqal emas adalah tujuh puluh dua butir gandum, sehingga tujuh-persepuluhnya adalah lima puluh dua-perlima butir gandum. Semua ukuran ini dengan kokoh ditetapkan oleh ijma.

• Apa saja kegunaan Dinar Islam? Dapat digunakan sebagai simpanan, investasi penjaga nilai
• Dapat digunakan sebagai pembayar zakat dan mas kawin sebagaimana telah disyaratkan oleh Syari’ah Islam
• Dapat digunakan untuk perniagaan sebagai alat tukar yang sah